Conjunctive Adverb คือ อะไร ตอบ Conjunctive Adverb คือ คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ที่ใช้ในการเชื่อมความ ได้แก่ คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ที่ใช้นำหน้าข้อความที่แสดง จุดประสงค์เพื่อเสริมความ แสดงความขัดแย้ง แสดงทางเลือกอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง แสดงเหตุผล แสดงการยกตัวอย่าง แสดงการเน้น พูดซ้ำความเดิมเพื่ออธิบายให้เข้าใจยิ่งขึ้น แสดงการสรุป แสดงการเปรียบเทียบ และแสดงลำดับเวลาคำกริยาวิเศษณ์ที่ใช้ในการเชื่อมความบางคำ อาทิ therefore, however สามารถเขียนเป็นประโยคได้ 3 ลักษณะ โดยต้องใช้เครื่องหมายวรรคตอนให้ถูกต้อง ดังตัวอย่าง
Alan didn’t study. Therefore , he failed the exam.
Alan didn’t study. He, therefore , failed the exam.
Alan didn’t study; therefore , he failed the exam.
1 ข้อความที่เสริมกัน ( showing addition)
เช่น in addition, besides, moreover, furthermore, also, on top of that, above all เป็นต้น
Bangkok has many interesting tourist attractions. In addition , it offers many
cultural experiences.
One soldier was killed in a fight. Besides, many badly wounded.
The company will be downsizing. Moreover , it will be moved to a new location.
Frank spent most of his life traveling around the world. He, furthermore ,
has written many books about his experiences.
2 ข้อความที่แสดงความขัดแย้ง ( showing concession or contrast)
เช่น still, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, in contrast,
on the contrary, on the other hand เป็นต้น
I study long and hard. Still , I do not progress very much.
Anna seemed to be honest. Yet , I did not quite trust her.
Your arguments were well presented; however , we feel that the plan is too
expensive to implement.
I want to go. I must, nevertheless , stay home to look after my cats.
3 ข้อความที่แสดงทางเลือกอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง (showing alternatives)
เช่น otherwise, or else, if not เป็นต้น
You must hurry up; otherwise , you will definitely be late for work.
He hopes to win a scholarship to study abroad. Or else , he will never have a chance.
It’s important that you apply for this job. If not , you will have to wait
a long time before the next job opening.
4 ข้อความที่แสดงเหตุผล (showing cause and effect)
เช่น therefore, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result, for this reason, then, hence
เป็นต้น
The weather was good. Therefore , we went fishing.
Frank is talking on the phone. Thus , he isn’t paying attention to his son.
The project proposal was rejected by the Board. Consequently , the director must
review and resubmit it within one month.
We had no food left at home; as a result , we went shopping.
Many foreigners enjoy Thai food and warm weather. For this reason , they like
to live in Thailand.
5 ข้อความที่แสดงการยกตัวอย่าง (showing examples)
เช่น for example, for instance, namely, in particular เป็นต้น
There are many places of interest in Chiang Mai; for example ,
Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Doi Inthanon National Park, Wat Phra Singh.
Thai people are now facing a lot of problems; for instance , the political conflict,
the economic instability, the higher number of unemployed.
You should eat healthy food, namely , brown rice, whole wheat bread, milk, fruits,
and vegetables.
We’ve met many famous people at the conference, in particular , the former
Prime Minister Anand Panyarachun.
6 ข้อความที่แสดงการเน้น (showing emphasis)
เช่น actually, in fact, indeed, as a matter of fact เป็นต้น
No, I’m not a student. I’m an engineer, actually .
We’ve had a pretty bad time while you were away. In fact , we nearly broke up
this time.
Laura said, “Isn’t it a lovely day today?” “Yes, indeed ,” replied David.
Ann said, “John, I guess you haven’t eaten yet.” “ As a matter of fact , I have,”
said John.
7 ข้อความที่พูดซ้ำความเดิมเพื่ออธิบายให้เข้าใจยิ่งขึ้น (showing restatement)
เช่น in other words, that is, that is to say, i.e. เป็นต้น
The mobile library services have been reorganized to cut costs. In other words ,
they visit fewer places.
I am quite a disappointing student to most teachers. That is , I’m not successful
in the subject areas most teachers had expected would be good.
Education ministers ought to have placed the interests of consumers— that is to say , students— first.
The police force is keeping an eye on many strategic points, i.e. airports,
military bases, and gas stations.
8 ข้อความที่แสดงการสรุป (showing summary)
เช่น in brief, in short, in conclusion, in summary, in a word เป็นต้น
I don’t agree with your project proposal as I don’t think it’s going to work out
financially. In brief , take no risks, especially in this situation.
Try gliding, bungee jumping, roller skating, windsurfing. In short , try anything
challenging.
In conclusion , walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable, and readily available form of
exercise for people of all ages.
In summary , it is my opinion that the students can become successful lifelong
learners with the help of teachers as facilitators.
“Shouldn’t Pinky be given a leading role in this new film?” said Susan. The director
replied, ‘ In a word , no.’
9 ข้อความที่แสดงทางเลือกอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง (showing alternatives)
เช่น likewise, similarly, in the same manner, in the same way เป็นต้น
She did a lot of volunteer work, made a lot of donations, and encouraged others to
do likewise .
Due to the company’s downsizing policy, Warunee was laid off. Preecha was
similarly affected.
Some people are very interested in classical music, and they enjoy contemporary
music in the same manner.
Jim is sociable and loves going to parties. In the same way , his brother always
hangs out with his friends.
10 ข้อความที่แสดงลำดับเวลา (showing time order)
เช่น first, next, lastly, finally, then, meanwhile ( ในระหว่างนั้น) เป็นต้น
First , discuss in your group what you think of the products. Next , write down all
your suggestions on how to advertise and market them. Finally , give a
presentation of your advertising and marketing campaign plan.
Add salt and pepper, and bake until soft. Meanwhile , heat the remaining oil in
a heavy pan.
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